Total 13,756 job vacancies in Singapore

Company Overview / Employee Value Proposition

LSW CONSULTING ENGINEERS PTE. LTD started from a sole-proprietorship which includes a principal and two associates in year 1990 and the company has been incorporated into a private limited company with effect from Aug 2009. In its many years of operation, LSWCE continue to enjoy rapid grow in all areas. We provide Engineering services for Condominiums, Hotels, Institutional Buildings, Industrial Buildings, Landed Properties, Petrochemical and Offshore plants.

Job Summary

You will lead site supervision and inspection activities to ensure construction works meet required quality standards and accuracy, supporting project delivery in compliance with approved drawings, specifications, and regulations.

Responsibilities

• Supervise and inspect bore piling, ERSS, earth retaining walls, and precast works to ensure compliance with approved drawings, specifications, and regulatory requirements
• Monitor structural material tests and verify method statements, test results, and construction drawings for accuracy and adherence to standards
• Collaborate effectively with Consultants, Clients, and Authorities by participating in progress and technical meetings to align project objectives and resolve issues
• Respond to Requests for Approval (RFA) and Requests for Information (RFI) by reviewing and providing timely, accurate replies to support project progress
• Maintain and update all site documentation including drawings, RFAs, RFIs, and site records to ensure accurate project tracking and compliance

About the Role

We are seeking an experienced Associate Engineer with strong exposure to System Level Testing (SLT) and Final Testing (FT) in high-volume production environments. This role requires hands-on expertise with semiconductor test platforms and a strong ability to analyze and resolve manufacturing yield issues.

Key Responsibilities

• Support FT and SLT operations in volume production environments
• Perform debugging, analysis, and root cause investigation of yield issues
• Optimize test solutions through data-driven analysis and value engineering
• Work with test platforms and handlers to ensure efficient test execution
• Analyze yield data and support Maverick hold lot disposition processes

Requirements

• Minimum Qualification: Diploma / Bachelor’s Degree
• Field of Study: IT, Electronics, or related fields
• Experience: Minimum 4+ years
• Work Mode: Onsite
• Industry: IT / Semiconductor / Manufacturing

Must-Have

• Experience in Advantest 93000 (V93K) / Teradyne tester platforms
• Strong expertise in System Level Testing (SLT) (primary skill)
• Experience in Final Testing (FT) environments
• Exposure to volume production test environments

Required Qualifications

• 5+ years of experience in FT and SLT volume production test environments, preferably within high-end compute or networking devices
• Solid engineering fundamentals with strong analytical and technical problem-solving skills
• Hands-on experience with Advantest 93000 tester, and operation of Hontech and Chroma handlers
• Ability to debug, analyze, and resolve manufacturing yield issues (hardware or program-related)
• Strong experience in yield data analytics and Maverick hold lot disposition
• Experience in data-driven test optimization and value engineering
• Background in OSAT environments such as ASE, JCET, or UTAC is an advantage

Build Your Career With a Growing Construction Team

Are you a hands-on Project Engineer who enjoys seeing projects come to life?
Do you want to work in a growing company where your work truly matters — not just another number in a large organisation?

At QXY, we are expanding — and we’re looking for driven, capable professionals to grow with us.

If you thrive in a collaborative environment, enjoy taking ownership, and want real exposure to project delivery, this could be the right opportunity for you.

Your Role

As part of our project team, you will:

• Assist in developing and executing project plans, schedules, and budgets

• Coordinate with contractors, subcontractors, consultants, and stakeholders to ensure smooth execution

• Supervise and monitor site works to ensure compliance with drawings, specifications, and quality standards

• Identify and resolve technical and site issues proactively

• Prepare progress reports, site records, and meeting minutes

• Ensure compliance with workplace safety and regulatory requirements

• Support the Project Manager in delivering projects on time and within budget

You will play a key role in ensuring projects are executed efficiently and professionally.

Why Join QXY?

1️⃣ Be Part of Our Growth Journey

We are scaling up — and you’ll be part of shaping that journey. Your ideas and contributions will directly impact the company’s success.

2️⃣ Real Responsibility, Real Impact

In our lean and agile team, you won’t be limited to a narrow scope. You’ll gain meaningful responsibilities and hands-on exposure to full project cycles.

3️⃣ Supportive & Family-Oriented Culture

We believe in teamwork, respect, and supporting one another. You’ll work in a close-knit environment where collaboration matters.

4️⃣ Career Development & Learning

As a growing SME, you’ll gain diverse project exposure (A&A / ID / New Build), broaden your technical knowledge, and accelerate your professional growth.

5️⃣ Direct Access to Leadership

Work closely with senior management and decision-makers. Your voice will be heard.

What We’re Looking For

• Degree in Civil / Structural Engineering (recognised by PE Board)

• Minimum 3 years of relevant experience in A&A / ID / New Build projects

• Strong knowledge of civil & structural works and construction methods

• Good coordination and problem-solving skills

• Strong communication and stakeholder management abilities

• Familiarity with project/site management tools

• Proactive, responsible, and team-oriented mindset

What We Offer

• Competitive salary (commensurate with experience)

• Performance recognition

• Exposure to diverse projects

• A stable and supportive working environment

• Clear growth opportunities as the company expands

If you are ready to grow with a company that values commitment, teamwork, and performance — we’d love to hear from you.

Apply now and build the next phase of your career with QXY.

Details:
1 Year Renewable Contract

Duties:

• Manage and support enterprise network infrastructure including routers, switches, firewalls, and load balancers in 24x7 production environments.
• Install, configure, and maintain network hardware and software; manage user access, permissions, and authentication systems.
• Ensure high availability, resilience, and performance through routine health checks, monitoring, and capacity planning.
• Design, implement, and manage connectivity between on-premise data centres and cloud environments.
• Support cloud VPC architecture, VPN (Site-to-Site / Client), and Direct Connect integration.
• Troubleshoot hybrid connectivity issues across cloud and on-premises environments, coordinating with telecom providers as needed.
• Configure and manage firewalls, security groups, NACLs, network segmentation, and zoning.
• Implement security best practices aligned with regulatory standards and PCI DSS requirements where applicable.
• Collaborate with the security operations team on vulnerability remediation, system hardening, and incident response.
• Monitor network performance using tools such as SolarWinds, PRTG, CloudWatch, or equivalent platforms.
• Analyse traffic patterns, latency, and throughput; proactively identify and resolve performance bottlenecks.
• Investigate and resolve network outages, connectivity issues, latency, and packet loss in coordination with cloud teams, telcos, and third-party contractors.
• Participate in major incident management processes and contribute to root cause analysis (RCA).
• Implement network changes in accordance with change advisory board (CAB) processes; support deployments requiring network configuration updates.
• Perform validation testing and rollback planning for all changes.
• Manage network connectivity with external partners, payment gateways, and telecommunications providers.
• Coordinate vendor provisioning, troubleshooting, and performance optimisation; monitor connectivity health post-provisioning.
• Design and maintain network redundancy, failover mechanisms, and disaster recovery (DR) configurations.
• Participate in DR exercises and validate failover readiness.
• Maintain up-to-date network diagrams, configurations, SOPs, and operational runbooks.
• Identify and recommend improvements for network performance, security, and scalability.
• Provide after-hours support for incidents, scheduled maintenance, firmware/software updates, and critical network changes.

Requirements:

• Diploma or degree in Computer Science, Information Technology, Engineering, or equivalent.
• Minimum 3 years of experience in network engineering or operations, supporting enterprise or mission-critical hybrid environments.
• Hands-on experience with AWS networking services including VPC, subnets, route tables, security groups, NACLs, VPN, and Direct Connect; exposure to Azure or GCP is an advantage.

Interested Applicants, please click Apply Now

Chow Zi Qing

R2199258

RevUp Proservices Pte Ltd

EA.24C2366

Job Responsibilities

• Plan, schedule and manage of all aspect of utilities coordination related works.
• Communicate and coordinate with multiple parties not limiting to design consultants/engineers, other departments, clients’ project representatives, statutory / authority agencies etc. for the establishment of the work deliverables requirements for submission and engineering works.
• Highlight any discrepancies and advise the staff on the interfacing of utility services and related works.
• Liaison with other disciplines to ensure designs are coordinated with other infrastructure requirements.
• Perform all duties in accordance with company policies, processes, systems, and procedures.

Requirements

• Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering or equivalent (Recognized degree by PE board or BCA)
• Minimum 3 years of experience in the construction industry
• Able to work as a team, assertive, independent, and proactive
• Proficiency in basic code compliance and construction sequence of work is an added advantage
• Candidate with LTA experience advantage
• To be based in project site office

Overview

Witflux Engineering Pte Ltd is seeking an experienced Civil Engineer to support and manage building construction, addition & alteration (A&A), and infrastructure-related works across public-sector environments. The ideal candidate must possess hands-on experience working on NParks, Town Council, and HDB projects, with strong knowledge of Singapore construction standards, safety regulations, and authority submission processes.

Key Responsibilities

Project Management and Execution

• Plan, coordinate, and supervise building construction and A&A works in accordance with project specifications, guidelines, and approved drawings.

• Manage day-to-day site operations, including work scheduling, resource allocation, and subcontractor coordination.

• Monitor project progress to ensure timely completion within budget and quality requirements.

Technical and Engineering Duties

• Review structural and architectural drawings to ensure constructability and compliance with local codes.

• Provide technical guidance and resolve site issues promptly through effective problem-solving and stakeholder communication.

• Conduct site measurements, inspections, and quality checks to maintain adherence to project standards.

• Prepare method statements, risk assessments, and technical submissions as required by authorities and clients.

Authority and Stakeholder Coordination

• Liaise with NParks, Town Councils, HDB, BCA, PUB, LTA, and other authorities for inspections, approvals, and permit applications.

• Coordinate with consultants, clients, and internal teams to ensure seamless project execution.

• Prepare and submit progress reports, documentation, and compliance records.

Safety and Compliance

• Ensure all works comply with WSH regulations, company safety policies, and authority requirements.

• Support safety officers in implementing site safety measures and conducting toolbox meetings.

Requirements

• Diploma or Degree in Civil Engineering or related discipline.

• Minimum 3–5 years of relevant Singapore experience in building construction, upgrading, repair, and maintenance works.

• Proven experience managing NParks, Town Council, and HDB projects.

• Strong knowledge of Singapore Codes of Practice, local authority procedures, and construction regulations.

• Proficiency in reading and interpreting construction drawings and specifications.

• Strong coordination, communication, and stakeholder management skills.

• Able to work independently, handle multiple tasks, and manage deadlines in a fast-paced environment.

• Familiarity with AutoCAD, MS Project, and other engineering-related software is an advantage.

Why Join Us

• Opportunity to work on meaningful and high-impact public-sector projects.

• Dynamic and collaborative engineering environment.

• Professional growth and exposure to diverse infrastructure and building works.

Key Qualifications

• Proficiency in programming languages such as Java, Python, or JavaScript.
• Experience with cloud hosting platforms such as AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud Platform.
• Strong understanding of Kubernetes and containerisation technologies.
• Excellent problem-solving skills and attention to detail.
• Strong communication and interpersonal skills, with the ability to work effectively in a team environment.

Description
- Design, develop, and maintain full stack applications, with a focus on platform development and cloud hosting.

- Collaborate with multi-functional teams to define project requirements and deliver high-quality solutions.

- Implement best practices for software development, including code reviews, testing, and documentation.

- Optimise application performance and scalability through the use of Kubernetes and other cloud technologies.

- Develop and maintain deployment pipelines to automate the software release process.

- Stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies in software development and platform engineering.

Education & Experience

Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Engineering, or related field.

JD & REQUIREMENTS:

Fullstack Engineer

Location: Singapore • Type: Full-time, On-site

About the Role

We're looking for a Fullstack Engineer to build and maintain scalable web applications while driving our test automation and quality initiatives. You'll work across the entire stack—developing features, designing automated testing frameworks, and ensuring our systems are reliable, well-tested, and production-ready.

Responsibilities

•Design, develop, test, and maintain web applications and backend services

•Build and maintain automated testing frameworks using Playwright for end-to-end, integration, and regression testing

•Develop automation scripts for workflow automation and repetitive tasks

•Collaborate with fellow engineers to deliver robust, scalable solutions

•Implement and maintain CI/CD pipelines with integrated automated testing

•Troubleshoot, debug, and optimize applications for reliability and performance

•Ensure system availability through routine maintenance and on-call support when required (compensated overtime)

•Stay current with automation tools and testing best practices, sharing knowledge with the team

Requirements

Technical Skills

•3+ years of software engineering experience with TypeScript, JavaScript, Python, and Node.js

•Strong Python scripting skills for automation and backend tasks

•Hands-on experience with Playwright for browser automation and end-to-end testing

•Strong proficiency with Next.js and Nuxt.js

•Experience writing and maintaining automated test suites (unit, integration, E2E)

•Experience with cloud platforms (AWS, Azure, GCP) or deployment platforms like Railway

•Familiarity with containerization using Docker

•Experience with relational databases (PostgreSQL) and NoSQL databases (MongoDB)

•Solid understanding of REST API design and integration

•Understanding of networking fundamentals (HTTP, DNS, TCP/IP, proxies)

•Basic understanding of cybersecurity principles

Soft Skills

•Self-directed problem solver who can navigate unfamiliar codebases and learn new technologies independently

•Strong attention to detail, especially in testing and debugging

•Ownership mentality — sees tasks through from start to production

•Not afraid to challenge assumptions or propose alternatives

•Receptive to feedback and iterates quickly

Key Responsibilities:
- Lead and execute overall mechanical engineering and analysis activities for marine projects.
- Apply CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and FEA (Finite Element Analysis) tools to support design validation
and performance optimization.
- Utilize programming skills (Excel, MATLAB, Python, C/C++) for engineering calculations, simulations, and data
analysis.
- Perform advanced data analysis to support decision-making and improve system efficiency.
- Coordinate with other engineering trades and internal teams to ensure seamless integration of mechanical
systems.
- Work closely with the Project Lead to align engineering deliverables with project and procurement schedules.
- Prepare and review equipment technical specifications in line with owner’s contractual requirements,
classification bodies, and relevant authorities.
- Review vendor technical specifications and drawings to ensure compliance, completeness, and accuracy.
- Prepare and review equipment parameters and mandatory calculations.
- Develop and validate piping analyses, schematics (P&ID), and mechanical layouts.
- Prepare and review machinery and HVAC layouts, including equipment installation and alignment.
- Establish and maintain mechanical design and construction standards.
- Review 2D and 3D piping details and production designs.
- Prepare and review testing protocols and operation manuals.
- Any other duties assigned by management to support project success

Requirements:
- Degree in Mechanical Engineering or equivalent discipline.
- Minimum 5 years of relevant design experience in the marine industry.
- Strong ability to independently perform engineering calculations and develop ship piping systems, engine room
layouts, HVAC, shafting, etc.
- Adequate knowledge of pipe routings and piping standards.
- Familiarity with international classification rules and regulations (SOLAS, MARPOL, IMO, MEPC).
- Experience liaising with classification societies, owners, shipyards, and clients.
- Proficiency in CAD software and engineering tools relevant to mechanical/marine design.
- Strong analytical, problem-solving, and communication skills.

Job Summary:

The Sales Engineer will be responsible for driving sales, developing business relationships, and providing technical expertise to clients in the fields of interior design, supply and installation, HVAC systems, sewage treatment plants, oily water separators, deck machineries, and marine lighting. The ideal candidate will have a strong technical background combined with exceptional sales skills and the ability to work across multiple countries in the Southeast Asian region.

Key Responsibilities:

1. Sales and Business Development:

Identify and develop new business opportunities within the specified regions.
Establish and maintain strong relationships with existing and potential clients.
Conduct market research to understand customer needs, market trends, and competitive landscape.
Prepare and deliver technical presentations and demonstrations to clients.

2. Technical Expertise:

Provide clients with technical advice and support on a range of products and services.
Collaborate with the engineering and product development teams to understand product specifications and capabilities.
Assist in the customization of products to meet specific client requirements.

3. Project Management:

Oversee and coordinate the installation and implementation of products and systems.
Ensure projects are completed on time, within scope, and within budget.Liaise with contractors, suppliers, and internal teams to ensure successful project execution.

4. Sales Administration:

Prepare and present sales proposals, contracts, and agreements.
Track and report on sales performance and progress against targets.
Maintain accurate records of customer interactions and transactions in the CRM system.

5. Customer Service:

Provide post-sales support to ensure customer satisfaction and repeat business.
Address customer inquiries and resolve issues in a timely and effective manner.
Gather customer feedback and work with internal teams to improve products and services.

6. Travel:

Traveling within the designated region to meet clients and manage projects as require.
Participate in industry conferences, trade shows, and networking events to promote the company and its products.

Qualification

1. Diploma or degree in Civil and structural engineering or equivalence

2. More than 3 years work as civil and structure engineer in Singapore context

3. More than 5 years in construction

4. Familiar with AutoCad viewer will be advantaged

5. With land surveying experience will be advantaged

Roles and responsibility

1. Interpret consultant and construction drawings and specifications for construction.
2. Coordinate site technical aspects of construction activities with subcontractor
3. Supervise structural works include formworks, rebar, concrete and precast works

• Review BBS for reinforcement bar procurement and control rebar wastage
• Formworks planning with subcontractor and ccontrol formworks usage
• Magane concrete works include concrete usage and minimize wastage
• Manage material and equipment usage include formworks material that deliver and usage.
• Supervise quality of workmanship as per project QAQC plan include material testing.
• Ensure subcontractor activities and ensure compliance to Project workplace safety, environment and health requirement ESH

1. Monitor, track and report site progress, productivity check and record.
2. Ensure compliance with contract design requirement and authority standards.
3. Support senior engineer in RFI and drawing discrepancy matter on site. Highlight and report discrepancy to senior engineer and technical team for immediate response
4. Attend RE and RTO inspection include prepare inspection form, QAQC checklist and rectification works
5. Assist Site manager in subcontract works planning and execution

Responsibilities

• Backup Operations & Administration
• Manage and monitor daily mainframe backup operations using CA 1.
• Ensure successful execution of scheduled backup jobs, troubleshoot failures, and perform root cause analysis.
• Validate backup logs, reports, and error messages to ensure compliance with SLAs.
• Resiliency & Disaster Recovery
• Support disaster recovery planning, testing, and execution for mainframe environments.
• Collaborate with infrastructure, storage, and DR teams to ensure systems can be restored within agreed RTO/RPO objectives.
• Maintain accurate documentation for backup/restore and DR procedures.
• Governance & Compliance
• Ensure compliance with organizational policies, regulatory standards, and data retention guidelines.
• Provide audit support related to backup and recovery controls.

Requirements

• 5+ years’ experience in mainframe backup operations.
• Hands-on expertise with CA 1 (Tape Management System), Tape operations, Tape life cycle management, Mainframe Backup using ADRDSSU, Flash copy
• Strong knowledge of mainframe infrastructure, storage management, and backup concepts.
• Experience with resiliency planning, DR testing, and recovery execution.
• Solid troubleshooting and problem-solving skills in backup and recovery scenarios.
• Familiarity with ITIL processes (Incident, Problem, Change Management).
• Ability to work in a 24x7 environment with on-call support as needed.
• Strong communication skills to collaborate across teams and present to stakeholders.

Location: Kaki Bukit

Duration: 2 years

Salary Range: $3800 to $4400 + Gratuity Bonus of $15,015 upon completion of 2 years program. (equivalent to year 1 and 2 performance bonus combined)

This is a 2 years management trainee program with NO bond and able to apply for ONLY TECHNICAL roles within the organization – testing/ commissioning/ service/ installation etc.

• Participate in a structured 24-month Field Engineer Development Programme.
• Gain exposure to installation, commissioning, maintenance and safety inspection activities.
• Support technical operations and engineering projects.
• Learn engineering processes, products and technologies through structured on-the-job training.
• Work closely with engineers and technicians to develop technical expertise.
• Contribute to operational and process improvement initiatives.

Requirements:

• Degree/Diploma in Mechanical/Mechatronics/Electrical Engineering
• No experience required as on the job training provided
• Comfortable working in a construction/site-based environment.
• Willing to handle tools, equipment and wear the required PPE.
• Strong communication skills and willingness to contribute ideas and feedback.
• Keen interest in developing technical and field engineering competencies.

Ally (Kubota Ayako)
CEI Reg. No. R26161457
EA Lic: 99C4599
Recruit Express Pte Ltd

Responsibilities:

• Responsible for preventive maintenance, breakdown maintenance, fault investigation, isolation and rectification of Electrical equipment in the plant area as designated by the Asset Lead.
• Oversee all maintenance activities of Engineers, Principal/Senior Technical Officers, Technical Officers, Technicians.
• Possess diagnostic and trouble-shooting skills.
• Obtain Permit-To-Work and ensure proper & safe equipment isolation for maintenance work.
• Co-ordinate with other maintenance sections in maintenance and project works.
• Procurement of spare parts, equipment and establish service contracts with external firms to meet maintenance requirements.
• Study and review existing Electrical systems and upgrade equipment/systems where possible to improve reliability and efficiency of the plants.
• Review, check and evaluate specifications, engineering drawing and design concept of new plant and equipment. Ensure proper installation of systems in accordance with contract specifications

Requirements:

• Degree in Electrical Engineering
• At least 5 years of Electrical Maintenance experience in Power Plant
• Senior Engineer / Engineer roles available

Account Manager:
Kerwin Tan Kai Bin (R1331624)
kerwin.tan@searchasia.com.sg
EA16S8107

Woodlands

Mon to Fri 8.30am to 5.30pm

Salary up $3800-$5000

Have AWS & bonus

Job Description

• To support study and analyze customer design requirement, specifications, and other data to evaluate the feasibility, cost, and tooling/equipment requirements.
• To support performing product validation according to the product design specification and customer requirements.
• To support generating drawing (3D/2D) for new and existing parts which require changes
• Main focal point for FAI build in new product introduction.
• Support in reviewing and Implement new router released from Engineering Dept.
• Leads projects for process and cycle time improvement.
• Update Production Router as per improvement.
• Identify, investigate, troubleshoot and resolve shortcoming in processes.
• Update relevant Work Instructions and Operating procedures for process improvements.
• To co-ordinate Engineer Change Order with production, planning and purchasing team to ensure smooth implementation.
• Support QA for failure analysis (RMA) and identification of corrective action for customer returns and internal CAR’s.
• Support QA team during customer/internal audits.

Requirement

• Bachelor’s degree / Post Graduate Diploma in Industrial / Mechanical / Mechatronic / Electromechanical Engineering or equivalent
• At least 3 years relevant working experience
• Able to understand mechanical drawing
• Proficient in using Solidworks

Only shortlisted candidates will be notified

Please submit your updated resume in MS format by using the APPLY NOW BUTTON.

Alternatively, you may also email your resume to us at emily.fong@atomrecruit.com

--
Warmest Regards,
Emily Fong
Senior Talent Specialist
Atomrecruit Pte. Ltd. | MOM EA License No.: 15C7443 | www.atomrecruit.com
DID: 6524 2916 | M: 8699 8852 / 8838 5979
EA Personnel Reg No.: R1768368
60 Paya Lebar Road, #07-54 Paya Lebar Square, Singapore 409051

Job Description & Requirements

Job Description

As a Senior Software Engineer, you will be working on:

• Partner with software engineers and other functions to understand objectives for development delivery efficiency and system resiliency, helping them articulate how specific technical capabilities and best practices will achieve key business outcomes.

• Conduct comprehensive assessments of client's existing technical landscapes, workflows, and processes to identify inefficiencies, pain points, and gaps that hinder their goals.

• Collaborate with client to identify the most relevant practices (e.g., CI/CD, SRE) for using Core Engineering Products in achieving their goals, considering unique needs and industry best practices.

• Develop transition roadmaps that outline a clear path from the current state to the desired future state, including the adoption of recommended tools and processes.

• Explain complex concepts clearly to various client stakeholders, providing actionable recommendations for improving workflows and addressing their challenges, and providing supporting diagrams as needed.

• Support client with proof of concept (POC) initiatives to validate solutions, offering hands-on assistance during early implementation phases to enable smooth transitions to full-scale rollouts.

• Collaborate closely with fellow Software Engineers to exchange insights, share tools and scripts, and foster a collaborative environment that supports continuous improvement and knowledge sharing.

Qualifications

What we are looking for:

• 6+ years in an individual contributor software engineering role.

• Experience with React with TypeScript

• Experience with NodeJS is a plus.

• Experience with one or more of Cloud Service Providers such as AWS, Azure, or GCP is a plus

• Strong track record of successful large-scale partner solution implementations, preferably in complex enterprise environments

• Exceptional communication skills with ability to bridge technical discussions between internal teams and external partners

• Experience working in highly secured and air gap systems is a plus (i.e. banking, government systems and similar)